Looks like your game metadata got corrupted. All you need to do to resolve it is delete the /user/game.bin file in the Cogmind directory.
This will unfortunately clear any of your collected lore and some other metadata (previous achievements will be redownloaded from Steam so that's not a problem), but Cogmind also saves multiple backups of older metadata so you could try to restore from those first if you like/want to retain your records. To do this, copy the game.bin file from a recent /bak/ directory to the /user/ directory, and try to start it like that.
(Note that if you have Steam cloud enabled, it can interfere with you trying to replace files in that directory, so you might want to turn it off for the best effect.)
